Provide at least five seconds of thinking time after a question and after a response.

E.g., "Why? How do you know? Do you agree? Will you give an example? Can you tell me more?

E.g., "There is not a single correct answer to this question. I want you to consider alternatives.

Allow individual thinking time, discussion with a partner, and then open up for class discussion.

Avoid the pattern of only calling on those students with raised hands.

E.g., ‘Describe how you arrived at your answer."

E.g., "Could you please summarize our discussion thus far?"

Require students to defend their reasoning against different points of view.

E.g., "How many people agree with the authors point of view?" (thumbs up, thumbs down)

E.g., "Richard, will you please call on someone to respond?"

Provide opportunities for students to generate their own questions.