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Standard 4.0 Chemistry: Students will use scientific skills and processes to explain the composition, structure, and interactions of matter in order to support the predictability of structure and energy transformations.
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Standard 4.0 Chemistry: Students will use scientific skills and processes to explain the composition, structure, and interactions of matter in order to support the predictability of structure and energy transformations.
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Standard 4.0 Chemistry: Students will use scientific skills and processes to explain the composition, structure, and interactions of matter in order to support the predictability of structure and energy transformations.
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A. Structure of Matter
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A. Structure of Matter
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A. Structure of Matter
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1. Identify ways to classify objects using supporting evidence from investigations of observable properties.
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1. Provide evidence to support the fact that matter has observable and measurable properties
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a. Classify objects based on their observable properties.
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a. Identify examples of matter.
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b. Provide reasons for placing the objects into groups.
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b. Describe and compare the physical properties of samples of matter.
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c. Compare classifications with those of others.
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c. Compare samples of like materials using appropriate tools to measure, estimate, and calculate size, capacities, masses and weights.
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d. Cite evidence that supports the statement, "All matter takes up space and contains a certain amount of material."
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2. Identify and describe structures of objects too small to be seen clearly with the unaided eye.
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a. Identify and describe minute objects, such as grains of sand and crystals of salt after examining them with a magnifying instrument.
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b. Identify and describe the minute features of objects, such as the lines (grain) in a piece of wood and the fibers in a paper napkin after examining with a magnifying instrument.
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B. Conservation of Matter
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B. Conservation of Matter
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B. Conservation of Matter
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1. Cite evidence to support the statement that, "No matter how many parts of an object are assembled, the mass of the whole object made is always the same as the sum of the parts."
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a. Use magnifying instruments to investigate samples of matter, such as a leaf, sugar cube, color photograph, and granite to describe the minute parts from which they are made.
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b. Use evidence from investigations with a variety of materials, such as water to describe how matter can change from one form to another without the loss of any mass.
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c. Describe the relationship between the masses of whole objects to the sum of the mass of their parts using appropriate tools to gather supporting data.
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C. States of Matter
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C. States of Matter
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C. States of Matter
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1. Provide evidence from investigations to describe the effect that changes in temperature have on the properties of materials.
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1. Provide evidence from investigations to identify the processes that can be used to change materials from one state of matter to another.
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a. Based on data gathered from investigations, identify and describe the changes that occur to the observable properties of materials when different degrees of heat is applied to them, such as melting chocolate pieces, boiling an egg.
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a. Observe and describe the changes heating and cooling cause to the different states in which water exists.
- Heating causes: ice (solid) to melt forming liquid water; liquid water to evaporate forming water vapor (gas).
- Cooling causes: liquid water to freeze forming ice (solid); water vapor (gas) to form liquid water.
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b. Observe and describe the changes cooling causes to the observable properties of materials when they are cooled, such as freezing water in a straw, milk in an ice cream maker.
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b. Based on data explain the importance of water's ability to exist in all three states within the temperatures normally found on Earth.
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c. Cite examples of similar changes that heating and cooling have on the observable properties of various other materials.
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c. Analyze data from observations to support the idea that when materials change from one state to another the amount of material stays the same.
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D. Physical and Chemical Changes
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D. Physical and Chemical Changes
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D. Physical and Chemical Changes
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1. Provide evidence to illustrate that when a new material is made by combining two or more materials, its properties are different from the original materials.
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a. Investigate and describe what happens to the properties of materials when several materials are combined to make a mixture, such as table salt and pepper; various kinds of nuts, chocolate pieces, and coconut; sugar dissolved in milk
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b. Based on observations from investigations and video technology, describe what happens to the observable properties of materials when several materials are combined to make a new material, such as baking soda combined with vinegar
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c. Share data gathered and construct a reasonable explanation of the results.
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