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Grade 8 |
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Standard 4.0 Chemistry: Students will use scientific skills and processes to explain the composition, structure, and interactions of matter in order to support the predictability of structure and energy transformations.
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Standard 4.0 Chemistry: Students will use scientific skills and processes to explain the composition, structure, and interactions of matter in order to support the predictability of structure and energy transformations.
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A. Structure of Matter
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A. Structure of Matter
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1. Cite evidence to support the fact that all matter is made up of atoms, which are far too small to see directly through a microscope.
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1. Provide evidence to explain how compounds are produced. (No electron transfer)
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a. Recognize and describe that the atoms of each element are alike but different from atoms of other elements.
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a. Describe how elements form compounds and molecules.
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b. Recognize and describe that different arrangements of atoms into groups compose all substances.
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b. Investigate and describe what happens to the properties of elements when they react chemically with other elements.
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c. Provide evidence from the periodic table, investigations and research to demonstrate that elements in the following groups have similar properties.
- Highly reactive metals, such as magnesium and sodium
- Less-reactive metals, such as gold and silver
- Highly reactive non-metals, such as chlorine, flourine, and oxygen
- Almost non-reactive gases, such as helium and neon
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c. Based on data from investigations and research compare the properties of compounds with those of the elements from which they are made.
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d. Provide examples to illustrate that elements are substances that do not breakdown into smaller parts during normal investigations involving heating, exposure to electric current or reactions with acids.
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e. Cite evidence to explain that all living and non-living things can be broken down into elements.
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B. Conservation of Matter
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B. Conservation of Matter
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1. Provide evidence to support the fact that the idea of atoms explains conservation of matter.
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a. Use appropriate tools to gather data and provide evidence that equal volumes of different substances usually have different masses.
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b. Cite evidence from investigations that the total mass of a system remains the same throughout a chemical reaction because the number of atoms of each element remains the same.
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c. Give reasons to justify the statement, "If the number of atoms stays the same no matter how the same atoms are rearranged, then their total mass stays the same."
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C. States of Matter
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C. States of Matter
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1. Describe how the motion of atoms and molecules in solids, liquids, and gases changes as heat energy is increased or decreased.
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a. Based on data from investigations and video technology, describe and give reasons for what happens to a sample of matter when heat energy is added to it (most substances expand).
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b. Describe what the temperature of a solid, or a liquid, or a gas reveals about the motion of its atoms and molecules.
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c. Formulate an explanation for the different characterisctics and behaviors of solids, liquids, and gases using an analysis of the data gathered on the motion and arrangement of atoms and molecules.
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D. Physical and Chemical Changes
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D. Physical and Chemical Changes
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1. Compare compounds and mixtures based on data from investigations and research.
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a. Cite evidence from investigations to explain how the components of mixtures can be separated.
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b. Use evidence from data gathered to explain why the components of compounds cannot be separated using physical properties.
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c. Analyze the results of research completed to develop a comparison of compounds and mixtures.
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2. Cite evidence and give examples of chemical properties of substances.
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a. Based on data from investigations and research, identify and describe chemical properties of common substances.
- Reacts with oxygen (rusting/tarnishing and burning
- Reacts with acids (dissolves metal)
- Reacts with bases (forms soap)
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b. Use information gathered from investigations using indicators and the pH scale to classify materials as acidic, basic, or neutral.
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3. Provide evidence to support the fact that common substances have the ability to change into new substances.
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a. Investigate and describe the occurrence of chemical reactions using the following evidence:
- Color change
- Formation of a precipitate or gas
- Release of heat or light
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b. Use evidence from observations to identify and describe factors that influence reaction rates.
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c. Identify the reactants and products involved in a chemical reaction given a symbolic equation, a word equation, or a description of the reaction.
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d. Provide data from investigations to support the fact that energy is transformed during chemical reactions.
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e. Provide examples to explain the difference between a physical change and a chemical change.
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