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A. Mechanics
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A. Mechanics
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A. Mechanics
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1. Cite evidence from observations to describe the motion of an object using position and speed.
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1. Describe the motion of objects using distance traveled, time, direction, and speed.
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a. Describe the position of an object by locating it relative to another object or to its background.
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a. Observe, describe, and compare types of motion.
- Uniform motion as equal distances traveled in equal times, such as escalators, conveyor belts.
- Variable motion as different distances traveled in equal times, such as an accelerating car, falling objects.
- Periodic motion as motion that repeats itself, such as a child on a swing, a person on a pogo stick.
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b. Using information from multiple trials, compare the speeds (faster or slower) of objects that travel the same distance in different amounts of time.
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b. Use measurements to describe the distance traveled as the change in position.
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c. Using information from multiple trials, compare the distances that objects moving at different speeds travel in the same amount of time.
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c. Based on data describe speed as the distance traveled per unit of time.
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2. Explain that changes in the ways objects move are caused by forces.
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2. Explain that the changes in the motion of objects are determined by the mass of an object and the amount (size) of the force applied to it.
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a. Observe and describe the way an object's motion changes in a variety of situations (rolling a ball, bouncing a ball, dropping a yo-yo, winding up a toy, etc.) and identify what may have caused the change.
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a. Observe and give examples that show changes in speed or direction of motion are caused by an interaction of forces acting on an object:
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b. Describe changes in the motion of objects as they move across different textured surfaces and suggest possible causes for the change.
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b. Observe and explain the changes in selected motion patterns using the relationship between force and mass.
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c. Observe and describe that objects fall to the ground unless something holds them up (gravity).
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4. Cite evidence that energy in various forms exists in mechanical systems.
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a. Identify ways of storing energy (potential) in an object.
- Raising an object above the ground
- Putting it on the end of a compressed or extended spring or rubber band
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b. Identify that an object has energy (kinetic) related to its motion.
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c. Observe and cite examples showing that stored energy may be converted to energy of motion and vice versa.
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B. Thermodynamics
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B. Thermodynamics
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B. Thermodynamics
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1. Recognize and describe that heat is transferred between objects that are at different temperatures.
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1. Provide evidence that heat can be transferred in different ways.
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a. Recognize and describe that the temperature of an object increases when heat is added and decreases when heat is removed.
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a. Recognize and explain that heat can be transferred either by direct contact between objects at different temperatures or without direct contact.
- A spoon in hot water
- Heat from a flame
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b. Recognize and describe that heat will flow between object at different temperatures until they reach the same temperature.
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b. Observe, describe, and compare materials that readily conduct heat and those that do not conduct heat very well.
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c. Classify materials as conductors or insulators based on how easily heat flows through them.
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C. Electricity and Magnetism
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C. Electricity and Magnetism
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C. Electricity and Magnetism
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1. Recognize and describe the effects of static electric charges.
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a. Observe and describe how to produce static charges by friction between two surfaces.
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b. Observe the phenomena produced by the static charges.
- Light
- Sound
- Feeling a shock
- Attracting lightweight materials over a distance without making contact
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2. Investigate and provide evidence that electricity requires a closed loop in order to produce measurable effects.
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a. Identify the source of electricity needed to produce various effects:
- Light - flashlight (battery)
- Heat - hot plate, hairdryer (outlet, battery)
- Sound - Ipod (battery) , doorbell(electrical wiring)
- Movement - mechanical toys (battery, outlet)
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b. Investigate and describe (orally or with diagrams) how to light a light bulb or sound a buzzer given a battery, wires, and light bulb or buzzer.
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c. Describe and compare the path of electricity (circuit) within this system that caused the light to light or the buzzer to sound to those that do not affect the light or buzzer.
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d. Observe, describe and compare materials that readily conduct electricity and those that do not conduct electricity.
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e. Provide evidence from observations and investigations that electrical circuits require a complete loop through which electricity can pass.
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3. Cite evidence supporting that forces can act on objects without touching them.
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a. Investigate and describe the effect that two magnets have on each other.
- Like poles repel
- Opposite poles attract
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b. Based on observations, describe the effect of a magnet on a variety of objects including those that are metallic or non-metallic; those made with iron or made with other metals; and on other magnets.
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c. Compare a compass to a magnet based on observations of the effect a variety of objects (metallic or non-metallic; those made with iron or other metals; and magnets) have on a compass.
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d. Provide examples to demonstrate the different ways a magnet acts on objects and how the objects respond.
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e. Investigate and describe how electricity in a wire affects the needle of a compass.
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f. Describe how to make a simple electromagnet with a battery, a nail, and wire.
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g. Cite examples showing that magnetic, electrical, and gravitational forces can act at a distance.
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D. Wave Interactions
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D. Wave Interactions
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D. Wave Interactions
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2. Identify and describe the relationship between a sound and the vibrations that produce it.
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a. Based on observations of objects that produce sound, relate vibration to the back and forth motion of parts of the object.
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b. Pose questions concerning the relationship between loudness or pitch and the vibration of an object.
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3. Provide evidence to show that light travels in a straight line until it is reflected or refracted.
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a. Observe and describe the images formed by a plane mirror.
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b. Based on observations trace the path of a ray of light before and after it is reflected (bounces) off a plane mirror.
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c. Observe and describe that a ray of light changes direction when it crosses the boundary between two materials such as air and water or air to glass.
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4. Recognize and describe how light interacts with different materials.
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a. Classify materials as translucent, transparent or opaque.
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b. Explain that shadows are formed when objects block light.
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c. Observe and describe that prisms separate white light into its component colors.
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d. Pose questions about why objects appear to be different colors.
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