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Grade 8 |
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Standard 5.0 Physics: Students will use scientific skills and processes to explain the interactions of matter and energy and the energy transformations that occur
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Standard 5.0 Physics: Students will use scientific skills and processes to explain the interactions of matter and energy and the energy transformations that occur
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A. Mechanics
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A. Mechanics
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1. Develop an explanation of motion using the relationships among time, distance, velocity, and acceleration.
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a. Observe, describe, and compare the motions of objects using position, speed, velocity, and the direction.
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b. Based on data given or collected, graph and calculate average speed using distance and time.
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c. Compare accelerated and constant motions using time, distance, and velocity.
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d. Describe and calculate acceleration using change in the speed and time.
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2. Identify and relate formal ideas (Newton's Laws) about the interaction of force and motion to real world experiences.
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a. Investigate and explain the interaction of force and motion that causes objects that are at rest to move.
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b. Demonstrate and explain, through a variety of examples, that moving objects will stay in motion at the same speed and in the same direction unless acted on by an unbalanced force.
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c. Investigate and collect data from multiple trials, about the motion that explain the motion that results when the same force acts on objects of different mass; and when different amounts of force act on objects of the same mass.
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d. Based on data collected and organized, explain qualitatively the relationship between net force applied to an object and its mass for a given acceleration.
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e. Calculate the net force given the mass and acceleration.
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3. Recognize and explain that every object exerts gravitational force on every other object.
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a. Explain the difference between mass and weight.
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b. Describe the relationship between the gravitational force and the masses of the attracting objects.
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c. Describe the relationship between the gravitational force and the distance between the attracting objects.
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d. Recognize and cite examples showing that mass remains the same in all locations while weight may vary with a change in location (weight on Earth compared to weight on moon).
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e. Recognize that gravity is the force that holds planets, moons, and satellites in their orbits.
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4. Recognize and explain that energy can neither be created nor destroyed; rather it changes form or is transferred through the action of forces.
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a. Observe and describe the relationship between the distance an object is moved by a force and the change in its potential energy or kinetic energy, such as in a slingshot, in mechanical toys, the position of an object and its potential energy.
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b. Identify the relationship between the amount of energy transferred (work) to the product of the applied force and the distance moved in the direction of that force.
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c. Identify and describe that simple machines (levers and inclined planes) may reduce the amount of effort required to do work.
- Calculate input and output work using force and distance
- Demonstrate that input work is always greater than output work
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B. Thermodynamics
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B. Thermodynamics
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1. Describe and cite evidence that heat can be transferred by conduction, convection and radiation.
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a. Based on observable phenomena, identify and describe examples of heat being transferred through conduction and through convection.
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b. Based on observable phenomena, identify examples to illustrate that radiation does not require matter to transfer heat energy.
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c. Research and identify the types of insulators that best reduce heat loss through conduction, convection, or radiation.
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2. Identify and explain that heat energy is a product of the conversion of one form of energy to another.
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a. Identify and describe the various forms of energy that are transformed in order for systems (living and non-living) to operate.
- Chemical - Flashlight battery-Light
- Mechanical - Pulleys-Motion
- Solar/Radiant - Solar calculator
- Chemical - Plant cells
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b. Explain that some heat energy is always lost from a system during energy transformations.
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C. Electricity and Magnetism
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C. Electricity and Magnetism
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2. Cite evidence supporting that electrical energy can be produced from a variety of energy sources and can itself be transformed into almost any other form of energy.
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a. Research and identify various energy sources and the energy transforming devices used to produce electrical energy
- Wind (generators, wind mills)
- Sun (solar cells)
- Water (turbines)
- Fossil fuels (engines)
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b. Cite examples that demonstrate the transformation of electrical energy into other forms of energy.
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c. Investigate and describe that some materials allow the quick, convenient, and safe transfer of electricity (conductors), while others prevent the transfer of electricity (insulators).
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d. Identify and describe the energy transformations in simple electric circuits.
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3. Identify and describe magnetic fields and their relationship to electric current.
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a. Investigate and describe the magnetic fields surrounding various types of magnets using materials, such as iron filings and small comapasses.
- A single bar magnet
- Two bar magnets with like poles facing
- Two bar magnets with opposite poles facing
- A horseshoe magnet
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b. Investigate and explain ways to change the strength of a simple electromagnet by varying the number of coils wrapped, the amount of electricity in the wire, the number of batteries used, and whether or not an iron core is used.
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c. Describe how the electromagnet demonstrates the relationship of magnetism and electricity and identify common devices that demonstrate application of this relationship.
- Electric motors (fans, hair dryers, can openers)
- Electrical generators (turbine)
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d. Based on investigations describe that electricity moving through a wire produces a magnetic force on materials placed near the wire.
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D. Wave Interactions
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D. Wave Interactions
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1. Identify and describe the relationships among the various properties of waves.
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a. Cite examples to show that waves transfer energy from one place to another.
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b. Measure and describe the wavelength, frequency, and amplitude of waves using:
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c. Measure and describe the relationship between the frequency and the wavelength of a wave.
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2. Provide evidence to demonstrate the relationship among the properties of waves using sound.
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a. Investigate and describe that the pitch of sounds can be varied by changing the rate of vibration.
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b. Identify and describe the relationship among frequency, wavelength, and pitch.
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c. Observe and describe the relationship between amplitude and loudness.
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d. Cite evidence that sound waves transfer energy using observation of sympathetic tuning forks, tuned guitar strings, etc.
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3. Investigate and cite the rules that govern behaviors of light.
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a. Based on data generalize the law of reflection.
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b. Cite evidence from observations and research to support the fact that something can be "seen" when light waves emitted or reflected by it enter the eye.
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c. Based on observations predict the change in the direction (refraction) of light as it travels from one material to another.
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d. Cite evidence that the amount of light energy absorbed or reflected depends on the color of the object illuminated.
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