| Grade 8 |
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Standard 3.0 Geography: Students will use geographic concepts and processes to examine the role of culture, technology, and the environment in the location and distribution of human activities and spatial connections throughout time.
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A. Using Geographic Tools
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1. Use geographic tools to analyze geographic issues and problems prior to 1877
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a. Use thematic maps to locate places and describe the human and physical characteristics, such as settlement patterns, migration, population density, transportation, and communication networks
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b. Explain interrelationships among physical and human characteristics that shaped the nation
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c. Analyze thematic maps to determine demographic and economic information about a region
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B. Geographic Characteristics of Places and Regions
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1. Analyze how geographic characteristics influenced the location and development of regions in the United States prior to 1877
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a. Analyze how geographic characteristics influenced the location and development of economic activities, such as farming, lumbering, fur trading, whaling and the rise of industry in the early national period
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b. Describe how changes in transportation systems, such as roads, canals and railroads affected the expansion of trade and settlement
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c. Analyze how geographic characteristics stimulated regional growth, such as the purchase of the Louisiana Territory
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C. Movement of People, Goods and Ideas
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1. Analyze population growth, migration and settlement patterns in the United States prior to 1877
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a. Explain why Americans migrated west, such as fertile soil, minerals, and economic opportunity, and the impact on that region
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b. Describe the effects of the influx of immigrants on the United States
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c. Explain how the regional demographic factors of constituents, such as race, ethnicity, education, occupation, and wealth affect public policy and voting issues
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D. Modifying and Adapting to the Environment
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1. Analyze why and how people in the United States modify their natural environment and the impact of those modifications
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a. Analyze the trade offs of using resources to pursue economic opportunities v. preserving the environment, such as westward movement
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b. Explain the consequences of modifying the natural environment, such as soil erosion, loss of soil fertility and over-fishing
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c. Identify and explain land use issues that illustrate the conflict between economic growth and using the environment
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d. Analyze how land use was managed by the federal government such as the Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787
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